What Is a UTI?
A urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs when bacteria enter the urinary system. While UTIs can affect different parts of the urinary tract—including the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys—the bladder is the most common site of infection. Though easily treatable, untreated UTIs can lead to serious health problems.
The Urinary Tract: How It Works
The urinary tract is the body’s system for filtering and removing waste through urine. It includes:
Two kidneys – filter waste from the blood
Two ureters – tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Bladder – stores urine
Urethra – carries urine out of the body
Bacteria, often from the bowel, can enter this system and cause infection—especially in children with certain risk factors.
What Causes UTIs in Children?
Several factors may increase your child’s risk of developing a UTI, including:
Poor bathroom hygiene (e.g., not wiping properly or staying in wet underwear)
Holding in urine for too long
Frequent constipation or diarrhea
Blockages in the urinary tract
Skin irritation from bubble baths, harsh soaps, or tight clothing
A condition called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), where urine flows backward toward the kidneys
Are UTIs Common in Kids?
Yes. UTIs are the second most common type of infection in children, after ear infections. They’re more common in girls, although uncircumcised infant boys are at slightly higher risk than other boys.
Signs and Symptoms of a UTI
There are two main types of UTIs in children:
1. Cystitis (Bladder Infection)
Most common and affects the bladder or urethra. Symptoms include:
Fever (sometimes the only sign in infants)
Fussiness or irritability
Vomiting
Frequent or urgent need to pee (but passing only small amounts)
Accidents after potty training
Pain or burning while urinating
Lower abdominal or back pain
Blood in the urine
2. Pyelonephritis (Kidney Infection)
More serious and involves the kidneys. Symptoms may include:
High fever (over 101°F / 38.3°C)
Chills, nausea, vomiting, body aches
Pain in the side, belly, or groin
Cloudy, foul-smelling, or dark-colored urine
Blood or pus in the urine
Painful urination or increased urgency
Call your pediatrician if your child has symptoms of either type of UTI.
Diagnosing a UTI in Children
To confirm a UTI, the pediatrician may:
Ask about symptoms and medical history
Perform a physical exam
Order tests like:
Urinalysis: A quick check for signs of infection in the urine
Urine culture: Identifies the exact type of bacteria causing the infection
How Are UTIs Treated?
Most UTIs are treated with oral antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Your child’s doctor may also recommend:
Pain relief medication
Drinking extra fluids to flush out bacteria
Soothing irritated skin with air exposure and barrier creams (e.g., petroleum jelly or zinc oxide)
🛑 Always finish the full course of antibiotics, even if your child feels better.
How Can You Help at Home?
Ensure your child takes all prescribed medications as directed
Encourage frequent bathroom trips—every 2–3 hours if potty trained
Offer plenty of water and fluids
Avoid bubble baths or soapy bathwater
Rinse off bath products after use
Follow up with your pediatrician if symptoms persist beyond 2 days
What If My Child Has Frequent UTIs?
If your child experiences three or more UTIs within six months, tell your doctor. They may refer you to a pediatric urologist for further evaluation.
Specialists may recommend imaging tests, such as:
Renal ultrasound – Views the kidneys and bladder
VCUG (Voiding Cystourethrogram) – A special X-ray to assess bladder function while urinating
Final Thoughts
UTIs are common but treatable infections in children. Recognizing the signs early and getting timely medical care can prevent serious complications. With the right treatment and preventive care, most kids recover fully and quickly.